Symbol of the Prison and the Rose Bush in the Scarlet Letter - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2724 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Scarlet Letter Essay Did you like this example? Located in Boston Massachusetts, during the 17th century, the Scarlet Letter begins with a gathering of Puritan colonists around a local prison. The colonists in the story seem to be waiting for some sort of public punishment of a prisoner. The mood expressed during this very first chapter of the Scarlet Letter is filled with melancholy and somberness. The only sense of beauty in this chapter is from the wild rose bush rooted at the threshold of the prison door, which brought the residents and prisoners of Boston a feeling of wishful hope. Hester Prynne, the first character revealed in the Scarlet Letter, stumbles and struggles through a crowd, attempting to reach a designated area near the prison. People begin to surround Hester as they publicly criticize and condemn her, for she is wearing an embroidered badge with a scarlet letter A across her chest. This letters purpose was to publicize her wrongdoing as an adulterer. Hester is called forth to the scaffold by a church official as she envisions her parents back in England and what they would think of the ghastly situation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Symbol of the Prison and the Rose Bush in the Scarlet Letter" essay for you Create order As Hester Prynne glances at the excoriating crowd, she recognizes a familiar man among the people. This man is Roger Chillingworth, her husband. He gestures to Hester not to reveal his identity to the governor and church officials. Chillingworth turns to a stranger standing near him in the horde and asks about Hesters punishment. The stranger explains that Hester is the wife of and Englishman who lived with her in Amsterdam until he decided to make a move to America. He sent her off to the New World and stayed behind in Amsterdam to resolve affairs, but never ended up joining her in America. Chillingworth, acknowledging his mistakes, realizes that the stranger is indirectly describing him. Reverend Dimmesdale, a minister praised for his knowledge and advice, demanded Hester to reveal her babys father. She dismisses his question and chooses not to expose him. She is shortly returned to the prison. Roger Chillingworth is later called by church officials to provide medical assistance to Hester in her prison cell. This is the first time Chillingworth and Hester meet face to face in a long time. He offers her a cup of medicine, but Hester refuses to take it because she fears he has poisoned it in attempt to make her ill or even to kill her. Chillingworth affirms her that he would never do such a thing and urges her to take the medicine. He also asks Hester to reveal the babys father, and after much pleading, she gives in and discloses to him that it may be the Black Man. Roger Chillingworth sets off to seek revenge on the man. After several years, Hester Prynne is released from the prison. She is given the freedom to flee from Boston, Massachusetts, but she decides to stay instead. Hester settles down in an abandoned cabin at the border of town. Although being an outcast to Boston, Hester made a living through her needlework. Through her work of embroidery and sewing, she incorporated memories and events of her life into her masterpieces, except marriage. Regardless of her needleworks success in the city of Boston, she still felt a sense of loneliness and isolation from everyone around her. Chapter six of the Scarlet Letter introduces Hesters daughter Pearl as a new character. She was her mothers only treasure and was purchased with all Hester had. Pearl appears to be an outcast to the rest of the children in Boston. Theyd poke fun at Pearl and her mother whenever they had the chance to. One day, while being rested upon her mothers chest, Pearl began to play with the Scarlet Letter on her mother. She quest ioned Hesters mysterious letter, asking where it came from. Hester, knowing that her daughters existence itself is in odds with the Puritan society, stays silent and avoids the topic of the origin of her cursed Scarlet Letter. Hester later pays a visit to Governor Bellingham in his glorious mansion. She was there to deliver a pair of embellished gloves she had made for him and to find out if Pearl would be taken from her due to the rumors that she bore a demon child. Pearl, who was fascinated by the shining armor in the mansion of the governor, began to prance around Bellinghams residence. A wild rose planted on a bush outside the mansion caught Pearls eye as she began to holler for it. A group of four men entered the home, quieting Hesters daughter, for her obnoxious clamoring rung throughout the household. Bellingham, Wilson, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth stood in front of Hester as she nervously tried to silence young Pearl. The men began to tease Pearl, calling her names such as demon child, and question Hester as to why she should have the authority to keep her child after her wrongdoings. Hester answers the men, telling them that if she keeps her daughter, chances are that Pearl will never make the same mistakes she did. After contemplating the situation, Dimmesdale decides to side with Hester and Pearl and concludes that the mother and child shouldnt be separated for both of their sake. Bellingham and Wilson agree with Dimmesdales decision, but Chillingworth suggests that they further investigate Hester and the mystery of her unknown lover. The men refuse to listen to Chillingworths suggestions by responding that God will reveal Hesters lover in His timing, and His timing only. Roger Chillingworth has hidden his identity from everyone in Boston, except for Hester. He becomes a doctor in order to be respected and valued by the townspeople, which would also help secure his current identity and keep anyone from knowing who he truly is to Hester. Having knowledge of various remedies and medicines advanced his success as a doctor. Later on, Dimmesdale becomes ill and Chillingworth wishes to cure him of his sickness. The people of Boston start to become suspicious of the situation, believing that Roger Chillingworth is actually a devil trying to capture Dimmesdales soul instead of curing him. Regardless of the townspeoples opinions of him, Chillingworth attempts to find the cause of Dimmesdales health problem. Dimmesdale, on the other hand, begins to question and speculate Chillingworths every move, taking the peoples beliefs of Chillingworth into consideration. One afternoon, Dimmesdale and Chillingworth glimpsed Pearl dancing around a graveyard through the window of Dimmesdales home. When Pearl catches Chillingworth spying her, she warns her mother of his presence and suggests they leave before he tries to attempt to take her away from Hester. Chillingworth remarks that Hester isnt a woman of burying sin, yet she wears it openly across her chest. Dimmesdale is disgruntled with Chillingworths words. Chillingworth then begins to question Dimmesdales physical health, suggesting he may have committed a sin that lead to the consequence of his illness. Dimmesdale is infuriated by Chillingworths questioning and leaves his room. This causes Chillingworth to become more suspicio us of Dimmesdales actions. One day, while Dimmesdale lay resting on his bed reading a sermon, Chillingworth pushes Dimmesdales shirt up to see an object upon Dimmesdales chest. Chillingworth is left in both horror and excitement of what he had just witnessed. Chillingworth begins to taunt Dimmesdale and the minister begins to lose trust for him. Dimmesdale continues in his suffering, but the trials he faces help guide him into writing his best sermons. Dimmesdale is holding onto a certain burden of sin that makes him become both physically and emotionally weary and he refuses to reveal it to anyone. He begins to see visions in his sleep. In one of them, he glimpses Hester and Pearl. Hester then puts her hand upon her scarlet letter and points to Dimmesdales chest. This causes Dimmesdale to treat himself harshly by whipping himself, fasting, and holding vigils. One night, Dimmesdale decided to hold a vigil upon the scaffold where Hester stood for her punishment. During his vigil, he begins to illusion, perceiving Reverend Wilson in front of where he stood. He also began to imagine what he would face if everyone in the town of Boston saw him upon the platform. Both Hester and Pearl approached Dimmesdale after returning from visiting Reverend Winthrop, whom had unfortunately passed away. Dimmesdale invited Hester and Pearl to join him on the scaffold. The three of them joined hands as Pearl playfully asked if they would repeat the process over again the next day at noon. Dimmesdale explained to Pearl that they wouldnt be joining on the scaffold until the day of judgment. Out of nowhere, a meteor lit the night sky, bringing forth a letter A in red lighting. Visible to the rest of Boston, the townspeople believed the A to be a sign from God that symbolized the angel Winthrop was to the people of Boston. From a distance, Chillingworth observed t he conversations between Hester and Dimmesdale. During this chapter of the Scarlet Letter, Pearl is seven years old. Hester becomes more sociable with her acquaintances and puts her needleworking skills to good use. She feeds the needy and gives aid to the sick and suffering. She is still viewed as an outcast to some townspeople of Boston but is accepted and respected as a person by most of the people. Although being seen differently than before, Hester develops a harsher personality. During an outing to the beach, Hester stumbled upon Chillingworth, whom she wasnt entirely pleased to see. She approached him to discuss the subject of revealing Chillingworths true identity to Dimmesdale. Attempting to change the topic of conversation, Chillingworth mentioned that he had overheard the town fathers plan to remove her scarlet letter. Hester remarked that her letter wasnt able to be moved by anyone or anything until the time was right. She returned to talking about Dimmesdale and how she found it appropriate to let him know who Chillingworth was to her. Hester also pleads with Chillingworth to let his plan to seek vengeance against Dimmesdale go. Chillingworth, however, was impassive about their conversation and still believed that revenge against Dimmesdale was his fate. After speaking to Chillingworth regarding Dimmesdale, Hester finds Pearl playing inside a tide pool along the beachs coast. Pearl, whom had sculpted a letter A out of eelgrass and placed it upon her chest, was pretending to be an enchanted mermaid. Hester was appalled with Pearls actions and questioned why she would do such a thing. She also explained to Pearl that the letters symbolism was not of good meaning. This conversation with her mother only caused Pearl to become more curious of what the letter really stood for. Hester and Pearl venture inside a forest, waiting for Dimmesdale to arrive. Hester is planning on revealing Chillingworths true identity to the young minister. While waiting for his arrival, Pearl began to implore her mother to inform her of the Black Man. Pearl had eavesdropped a conversation about the man back in the suburbs of the city. Tired and frustrated of Pearls constant questions, Hester explains to her daughter that the so-called Black Man isnt a dark, evil man at all. Dimmesdale approached Hester and Pearl in the forest since Hester requested that he would meet them there. The minister and Hester sat alongside a stream to discuss the forbidden topic: Dimmesdales identity. When Hester reveals who Chillingworth truly is to her, Dimmesdale becomes outraged and says its her fault he is in such unbearable pain. She emotionally breaks down before him and begs for forgiveness. Dimmesdale is quick to forgive Hester for not telling her ahead of time, but fears that Chillingworth wouldnt keep their affair a secret. Hester reassures him that everything will turn out alright if he tries to escape from Chillingworths evil watch. Hester and Dimmesdale have decided that fleeing from the bondages of Boston to Europe with young Pearl would be the safest route to go. Hester releases her heavy burden of sin in front of the minister and her child by ripping the letter off her chest. Hester begins to feel a sense of relief as she gains her self-confidence and beauty back after burying it under her sorrows for so long. Hester looks forward to the fact that Pearl will not only have her heavenly father by her side, but her earthly father as well. Pearl becomes doubtful of the situation and fears walking any further towards her mother and father. She is saddened to see that her mom has taken off her scarlet letter. Hester puts it back on, hoping Pearl would come closer to them. Pearl ran to her mothers arms and gave her a kiss. Hester asks Pearl to embrace Dimmesdale too. She hadnt yet revealed to Pearl that Dimmesdale is her biological father. Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl return to the town feeling renewed and cleansed of all unrighteousness. Hester has found a ship to escape to Europe on. Ecstatic about their decision to leave Boston once and for all, he plans to let everyone hes ever known that he is a new man in Christ and isnt who he used to be; sorrowful and enslaved to his burdens of sin. On Dimmesdales way back to his home, he sees many familiar faces, but avoids conversation with any of them. When he arrives home, Dimmesdale informs Chillingworth that he isnt in need of a care-giver anymore. This leads Chillingworth to fear that the minister knows of his real identity. Dimmesdale is set to give a teaching in three days for the elections, but he burns his sermon script in his fireplace and starts over since he is renewed of his faith and cleansed of his previous sins. The Boston townspeople congregate around the scaffold that Hester was publicly shamed on in the beginning of the Scarlet Letter in extolation of a new governor. Pearl begins to ponder of Dimmesdale in hopes that he will hold her hand like he did back in the forest. During the celebration in Boston, a sailor approaches Hester to inform her that Roger Chillingworth will be taking the same voyage as her, Pearl, and Dimmesdale because he offered to serve as a medic onboard for them. Hester becomes despondent after hearing such news and begins to feel the same emptiness and sorrows as she did in her past. During the procession in the marketplace, Hester begins to have second thoughts about her plan to escape Boston with Pearl and Dimmesdale. All of a sudden, Mistress Hibbins appears to Hester and Pearl in a crowd of uncountable townspeople. She asks Pearl to join her on a witchs ride due to her beliefs of Dimmesdale, Pearls father, being the actual Devil. After conversating with Mistress Hibbins, Hester grabs Pearl and approaches the front of the scaffold to hear Dimmesdales Election Day message more clearly. During Dimmesdales teaching, Pearl reaches out to her mother to tell her of the news she was given by the ship overseer. Chillingworth had made adjustments to their voyage, suggesting that only Hester and Pearl board the ship and leave the minister behind. Dimmesdale continues to give his sermon and everyone listening seems to be impressed and moved by his words. During the conclusion of his teaching, he cries out to Hester and Pearl and asks them to climb onto the scaffold with him. Suddenly, Dimmesdale exposes his heavy burden of sin to the people of Boston, leaving every single person standing in the marketplace startled and horrified. He becomes weary and loses all strength and ability. Unfortunately, Dimmesdale takes his last breath upon the scaffold and passes away in front of thousands of Boston townspeople. After Dimmesdales passing, there was controversy about whether there appeared to be a scarlet letter A upon his chest or not because some claimed that they didnt see anything on his chest during his death on the scaffold. Not long after the ministers deceasing, Chillingworth became ill and eventually passed away as well. Hester and Pearl have fled Boston to live better lives away from the sorrows of the town. Years later, Hester returns to Boston to continue helping with charity through her needlework. She lives the rest of her life in the town until she passes away and is buried in the Kings Chapel graveyard alongside Dimmesdale. Both of their gravestones have scarlet letter As placed upon them.

Why Do You Believe Inhibit Your Learning Process - 932 Words

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Automobile Industry and Corporate Governance †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Automobile Industry and Corporate Governance. Answer: Introduction: The multinational automobile companies advertise corporate governance and socially responsible operations as integral components of their modus operandi. Their official publications like annual reports and official websites exhibit their corporate government policies and their environmental protection activities which they carry out on a global scale. However, the top automobile companies in the world are often caught responsible breaching pollution standards when their car models emit high levels of toxic pollutants like nitrogen dioxide. These socially irresponsible incidences have severe corporate governance implication on the current and future business generation of the companies involved. The basis of the discussion would be an article published in the Independent on February 19, 2018 which states that the German Court may ban diesel run vehicles from plying on the German roads. This drastic action was partly directed by Volkwagens infringing diesel exhaust test (independent.co .uk 2018). The verdict if actually passed would have great implications on the business of the automobile manufacturers around the globe. First, the models of high priced cars claiming technological marvels exceeding permissible limits actually contradict the corporate social responsibility claims made by these companies. The second issues is that the contradiction also have bearing on the goodwill and customer perception of the companies which have long term business implications. The third issue is that the environmental pollution have devastating on the health of the society including the consumers, shareholders and employees. The fall of market goodwill results in repelling customers and investors, thus devastating the business of the companies. These factors also have damaging impact on the business generation of the automobile companies in their other markets. The short term impacts are increasing legal expenditures to fight litigations filed against the automobile companies b y stakeholders like governments and environment conservational groups. The paper would delve into these issues and their implications based on three corporate governance theories namely, agency theory, stewardship theory and stakeholder theory. The above discussion reveals two types of issues pertaining to corporate governance, namely long term and short term issues, all of which are interrelated. The long term issues the automobile companies would be facing by their car models exceeding the permissible pollution limits would be contradicting their own CSR policies and loss of goodwill. The high level of environmental pollution would harm the investors, customers and employees, thus showing lack of corporate government which would go a long way in hampering their business in other markets as well. They would lose investors, customers and employees, thus becoming financially and strategically weak. The short term business implications would be exceeding legal expenditure which would eat into the profits. The issues would be discussed on the basis of the following corporate governance models: Agency model: The agency model recognizes two groups of people, the shareholders or owners and the employees of the company as agents. The shareholders or the owners, according and the executives or the agents according to the theory have contradicting interests. The shareholders invest in the global automobile companies like Volkswagen which form the basis of their robust capital structure as shown in the figure below. The global automobile companies provide the shareholders with high returns on their investments. The shareholders or the owners of these companies are not concerned about corporate governance or the environmental impacts of their operations. They are more interested in the returns on their investments which points out the contradictory attribute of the owners and the agents as per the theory. The stewardship theory considers that against the owners and the agents work towards common goals of ensuring high organizational performances of the company. The shareholders empower the executives to take business decisions and operate to ensure that the organization like Volkswagen earn high profits. The stewardship theory stresses that the shareholders invest capital in the companies which the later uses to acquire, train, manage and maintain human resources. This trained human resources account for the high organizational performances of the companies which attribute them with high revenue generation from their international market operations. The above figure shows that the sales revenue of Volkswagen rose to 230682 million Euros in 2017 from 217267 million Euros in 2016. The table also showed that the earnings attributable to the shareholders also rose in 2017 and 2016. This analysis shows that the shareholders or owners today support the executives to perform highly in the market in order to get high ROIs. This is because the market performances of the automobile companies directly impact their ROIs. The stewardship theory, contradictory to the agency theory mentions that the shareholders take direct interests in the functioning of the executives. This is because failure of the automobile companies to comply with the ethical norms have devastating impacts on their revenue generation and the consequent fall in ROIs the companies give to the investors. This was evident from the financial outcomes Volkswagen suffered when it was caught breaching the pollution laws of the European Union. The automobile giant had to retrieve millions of cars from its global market which required it to maintain a contingency fund of 6.7 billion Euros and still suffered a loss of 2.5 billion Euros in first quarterly loss (bbc.com 2018). This falling in revenue impacted the companys power to give high ROIs to the shareholders which was evident by the fall in share prices towards late 2015 and early 2016. This interdependence between ethical business operations by companies, the revenue generation and the ir power to give returns to investors have made the shareholders today emphasize on their ethical corporate governance. Stakeholder theory: The stakeholder states that business organizations should work towards the benefits of all the stakeholders. The stakeholders are the parties which are capable of impacting the business organisations through their actions. The stakeholders consists internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. the internal stakeholders consist of management bodies and employees. The management forms decisions to ensure strong internal corporate governance while the employees execute these strategies. This shows that the management and employees decide the level of organizational performances by their actions. Thus, the organizations are expected to work ethically to benefit these stakeholders like paying legitimate remuneration to the employees. The external stakeholder groups consist of parties which are not parts of the companies but are capable of influencing its operations. The governments makes laws which form the base of the corporate governance framework of the companies. The customers who purchase the cars of these automobile companies like Volkswagen provide the company with the revenue and can influence their market positions. The stakeholder theory also consider suppliers and competitors which are capable of influencing the strategies of the companies. The society in general also form a significant stakeholder because the society provides companies with customers, investors and employees. This analysis shows that the society is capable of controlling the operations of organizations both internal and externally. Lack of cooperation from the society can attract legal actions against the companies launched by governments, loss of customers to competitors and consequent loss of investors or even closure of the busines s operations. This importance of the stakeholders have made it important for companies to maintain strong corporate governance and act ethically towards their benefits to enjoys their continuous support (Schaltegger, Hansen and Ldeke-Freund 2016). Importance of issues of the corporate governance: The issues Volkwagen faces discussed above have serious impact on the business performances of the company both in the long run and short run. An analysis of the three theories would show that they are interdependent. The agency theory mentions that the shareowners or owners and executives of the agents have contradicting interests. However, in the light of the present business situation one can point out that customers play pivotal role in the market performances of the organization and its consequent returns to shareholders (Dyllick and Muff 2016). Thus, in reality the shareholders are dependent on the perceptions and purchase patterns of the consumers. One can also point out that breach of laws by companies and its subsequent promotion in the society can pose serious issues to the companies, to avoid which they require to act responsibly to benefits the stakeholders. This fact was evident when Volkswagen had to suffer losses worth 2.5 billion Euros in spite of maintaining a contin gency fund o 6.7 billion Euros to counteract the sales return of millions of cars from its international market. The share price of the company to fell during end of 2015 and early 2016. These outcomes point out that lack of ethical operations can result in loss of revenue and consequent loss of capital bases. These two issues can lead to third issue of losing competitive advantage and market goodwill to powerful competitors from emerging markets like Asia which are also acquiring companies in Europe, thus posing threat to Volkswagen even in its home market. This fact is evident from acquisition of Land Rover by the Asian automobile giant Tata Motors (nytimes.com 2018). The fifth issue which lack of corporate governance can use is increase in expenditure due to litigations launched by governments and corporate governance groups against these companies. The interdependence on the performances of companies and the ROI they give back of investors have made the shareholders align their objectives with the ethical operations of the companies like Volkswagen. This aligning of interests of shareholders with the companys gave rise to next theory, the stewardship theory. This analysis shows that the stewardship theory is actually an extension of the agency theory studied from the point of view of the company besides considering the shareholders interests. The stakeholders theory encompasses both the agency and the stewardship theory and stresses on the need of the organization to ensure benefits of all their stakeholders including the shareholders and the management. One can infer from the discussion that in order to avoid or at least minimize legal actions from governments and powerful international organizations like the EU, the automobile companies like Volkswagen should manufacture car models causing minimum pollution. This compliance would enable it to comply with the laws and abide by these important key stakeholders. This would in turn enable the company create a strong goodwill and sell more cars, thus generating higher revenue. Companies like Volkswagen would as a result give high returns to the shareholders, benefits the latter. Thus, it one can summarise that following the stakeholder theory can enable the companies satisfy the previous theories as shown in the figure below. This would also enable companies like Volkswagen gain stronger competitive position to counteract challenges from new companies, thus ensuring their long term financial sustainability. As far as short term issues like increasing legal expenditures are concerned, th e analysis shows that companies can also deal the issues by benefitting the stakeholders and abiding the laws. The newspaper article mentions that Volkswagen infringed the environmental laws made the European Union by releasing cars which cause high pollution while plying (independent.co.uk2018). This conduct of the company clearly points to the lack of corporate governance on the side of the senior management and the middle level managers including the production managers (Dyllick and Muff 2016). This also points out to the sole emphasis of the company to ensure high profits and high ROIs to the investors at the expenses of the social benefits. This irresponsible behaviour would have serious issues both to it and to the general public which are discussed below: Issues to the general public: The public or the society in general face serious issues due to the high amount of pollution diesel run cars manufactured by companies like Volkswagen cause. The immense amount of exhaust which the cars give out contain toxic chemicals nitrogen dioxide like nitrogen dioxide. This means that the irresponsible decision of automobile manufacturing companies like Volkswagen to release cars causing high level of pollution. It must be pointed out that the major markets of the automobile companies are concentrated in North America, Europe and Asia, all of which experienced high death rate due to air pollution. This means that the irresponsible attitude of the management of Volkswagen is causing various health issues for the public as the uncontrolled pollution that the cars of the company are producing. In this regard it can be said that due to the significant release of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere may cause formation of ground level ozone, acid rain and smog and these all are related with adverse health effects like respiratory problems, bronchitis, inflammation of the airways an many more (Dyllick and Muff 2016). It is seen that high level of NO2 may cause harmful effects on the vegetation making their growth stunted. When these cases became transparent to the world, the share prices of the company got decreased immensely and that made the CEO of the company to declare that they will invest a sum of more than 6 million Euros to fix the cars they have sold with issues earlier. In this context, it would be worthwhile to mention that in order to overcome the agency problems the European commission or EPA may make more detailed outlines and for an example, it can be said that if EPA can otherwise choose selection and screening mechanism in order to decrease information symmetry. Importance of issues to the company: The discussion of the corporate governance theories above shows that the infringement of EU pollution policies would have long term and short business impacts on Volkswagen (ec.europa.eu 2018). It would also have several impacts other impacts on the company. This first impact would be increasing legal actions from the governments (Dyllick and Muff 2016). In this context it can also be said that if they had hired responsible employees, the management of the organization would not have to face this type of issue. It can be said that if there were no NGO companies like ICT, the scandals like this would not have been get disclosed to public and that would have make the situation more concerning as no one would have the basic idea of the situation. It is seen that nearly after one month after the release of the situation publicly, the EU officials gathered in Brussels to discuss the issues and subsequently failed to come up with an alternate method of testing that would count the level of harmful emissions emitted by the Volkswagen cars. Conclusion: Thus to conclude, it can be said that what the management of Volkswagen did by manipulating the software that detects the harmful emissions of the car was very unethical as this type of action potentially exposed human population to various diseases that can be harmful for health and can potentially bring in various health diseases like bronchitis, asthma, inflammation of the airways of the human body and many more. The uncontrolled emission of Nitrogen oxide can make the growth of vegetation stunted and can impact on the world negatively. Thus it can be said that the impact of this uncontrolled harmful emission from the Volkswagen cars have a negative impact on the environment that can last significantly long. When this scandal got publicly disclosed, in many countries the management had to fix the software at their expenses and in a significant manner the saleability of the organization got decreased and that made the situation concerning for the management of Volkswagen. In variou s countries of Europe people stopped buying diesel cars and that had potentially ruined the car business for quite a long time. Even it was decided that in Europe the diesel cars will be banned and this rumour made the saleability of the diesel cars reduced by a huge parentage. It is a matter of fact that this incident shook the automobile business in the market of Europe and in various countries for a while as people could not trust the cars with diesel engine after the scandal of Volkswagen got disclosed publicly. This had impacted immensely on the share prices of the diesel car makers and the management of Volkswagen had to incur immense loss due to this. The management of the organization thus should engage in regaining the reputation that they have lost due to the scandalous activity they got engaged in earlier. The incident had ruined the reputation of Volkswagen in the global market and it can be said that regaining that reputation after such a scandal has become somewhat imp ossible if they do not come up with a plan that can eradicate the allegations against them and can potentially contribute significantly for the cause of the environment. It can be said that, nowadays if the management of the organization extensively participate for the best interests of the company. Thus, precisely it can be said the management of the organization should cleanse their past deeds to capture the fair share of the market to gain the competitive advantage. Thus for the best interests of the company, the management of Volkswagen should dedicate all their efforts to re-establish the company in the global market and for this they can choose tactics like rebranding and join independent verification agencies that can be looked at as more feasible and easy to attain. Reference list Bajaj, V. 2018.Tata Motors Finds Success in Jaguar Land Rover. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/business/global/tata-motors-finds-success-in-jaguar-land-rover.html [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Barrett, S.R., Speth, R.L., Eastham, S.D., Dedoussi, I.C., Ashok, A., Malina, R. and Keith, D.W., 2015. Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health.Environmental Research Letters,10(11), p.114005. BBC News. 2018.Volkswagen: The scandal explained. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772 [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. bloomberg.com. 2018.VOW:GR. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/VOW:GR [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Climate Action - European Commission. 2018.Road transport: Reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles - Climate Action - European Commission. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles_en [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Dyllick, T. and Muff, K., 2016. Clarifying the meaning of sustainable business: Introducing a typology from business-as-usual to true business sustainability.Organization Environment,29(2), pp.156-174. Ewing, J., 2015. Volkswagen says 11 million cars worldwide are affected in diesel deception.The New York Times,22. Oldenkamp, R., van Zelm, R. and Huijbregts, M.A., 2016. Valuing the human health damage caused by the fraud of Volkswagen.Environmental pollution,212, pp.121-127. Reitze, A.W., 2016. The volkswagen air pollution emissions litigation.Browser Download This Paper. Schaltegger, S., Hansen, E.G. and Ldeke-Freund, F., 2016. Business models for sustainability: Origins, present research, and future avenues. Schiermeier, Q., 2015. The science behind the Volkswagen emissions scandal.Nature News. Taylor, E. and Wacket, M. 2018.German court to rule on whether cities can ban heavily polluting cars. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/germany-diesel-emissions-ban-cities-court-ruling-air-pollution-volkswagen-bmw-daimler-a8217341.html [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. volkswagenag.com. 2018.Volkswagen Konzern - AR 2017 - Results of Operations. [online] Available at: https://annualreport2017.volkswagenag.com/group-management-report/results-of-operations.html [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Wilkinson, P. and Haines, A., 2015. Diesel in the dock.BMJ (Clinical research ed),351, p.h5415.

The History of Tattoos free essay sample

While most people are not aware of how far back tattoos and their uses are dated in history, tattoos date back thousands of years and have a variety of uses. Tattoos symbolize everything from personal experiences, religion, or simply art. There are literally thousands of designs and styles that variety from black to elaborate colorful schemes. Rather flaunted or hidden, sought as art or bought out of a whim, the tattoo has left its mark on generation after generation (Krakow, 1994). Throughout history tattooing has had many purposes that vary from culture, to person, to a specific date in history. The word tattoo, a Tahitian word meaning â€Å"to mark something†, has existed since 12,000 B. C. According to â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos,† women in Borneo tattooed their symbols on their forearm indicting their particular skill. If a woman wore their symbol indicting she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Tattoos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In tribes, tattoos around the wrist and fingers were believed to ward away illness. The earliest record of tattoos, to date, was found in 1991 on the frozen remains of the â€Å"Iceman† scientist have named Otzi. His lower back, knees, ankles, and the foot were marked with a series of 57 small lines, made by rubbing powdered charcoal into vertical cuts. X-rays revived bone degeneration at the site of each tattoo, leading researchers to believe that Otzi’s people, ancestors of contemporary central and northern Europeans, may have used tattoos as medical treatments to reduce pain. Other than this were the tattoos found in Egypt during the time of the construction of the pyramids. As quickly as the Egyptians expanded their empire, so did the art of tattooing. The civilizations of Crete, Greece, Persia, and Arabia picked up and expanded the art form (A Brief History of Tattoos). The Greeks used tattooing for communication among spies by identifying them and showing their rank. Romans marked their criminals and slaves. This practice is still carried on today. The Ainu, of western Asia, used tattoos to show status. They also thought of being the ones to introduce tattoos to Japan where it developed into a religious and ceremonial rite. Dayak warriors who had beheaded someone, or â€Å"taken a head†, had tattoos on their hands. These tattoos garnered respect and assured the owner’s status for life. Polynesians brought their art all the way to New Zealand and developed a radical facial style of tattooing called Moko, which is still being used today (A Brief History of Tattoos). In the West, early Danes, Norse, and Saxons tattooed family crests (a tradition still practiced today). In 787 AD, Pope Hadrian banned tattooing, yet it still thrived in Britain until the Norman Invasion of 1066 tattooing soon disappeared from Western culture for four centuries (12th to the 16th century). In Japan tattooing still thrived. First they were used to identify criminals. The first offenses were marked with a line across the forehead. A second crime was marked by adding an arch. A third offense was marked by a second line. When put together these marks formed the Japanese character for â€Å"dog†. The wearer was shamed for life. The body suit originated around 1700 as a reaction against very stringent laws concerning conspicuous consumption. Only royalty were allowed to wear ornate clothing. As a result of this the middle class adorned themselves with these extremely elaborate full body tattoos. William Dampher re-introduced tattooing to the West when he brought a heavily tattooed Polynesian known Prince Giolo, the Painted Prince, to London in 1691. The Prince was put on exhibition and quickly became a hit. It had been roughly 600 years since tattoos had been seen in Europe. In the late 1700’s upper-class society members were getting tattoos in rather discreet places. What kept tattooing from becoming more widespread was its painful procedure, which was also very slow. In 1891, Samuel O’Reilly patented the first electric tattooing machine. This was based on Thomas Edison’s electric pen, which punctured paper with a needle. The basic design with moving coils, a tube and a needle bar, are the components of today’s tattoo gun. The electric tattoo gun allowed anyone to obtain a reasonably priced and readily available tattoo. This no longer made tattoos appealing to the upper class. By the turn of the century, tattooing had lost a great deal of credibility. Most heavily tattooed people traveled with circuses and â€Å"freak† shows. Tattooing went underground because of the view of tattoos became so poor. There were no associations, advertising, or schools to study the craft. In order to find out where to go and who to see for quality tattoos, one had to be familiar with the scuttlebutt and accepted into the then almost secret society. The birthplace of the American style tattoo was Chatham Square in New York City. This seaport and entertainment center attracted working-class people with money. This proved to be a perfect place for tattooing to grow new roots. Husbands would tattoo their wives with examples of their best work. It was as if they were walking advertisements for their work. At this time, cosmetic tattooing became popular (blush, colored lips, and eyeliner). In the 1920s, when Prohibition and the Depression, struck the center for tattoo art moved to Coney Island. In 1961, tattooing was sent reeling on its heels when there was an outbreak of hepatitis. Although most tattoo shops had sterilization machines, few used them. Newspapers soon started reporting stories of blood poisoning, hepatitis, and other such diseases. This is when a new health code violation went into effect and all the tattoo shops at times square and Coney Island were shut down. Tattoos started to regain reputation and very few people wanted anything to do with them. In the late 1960s, this attitude started to slowly change. Today, tattooing is making a comeback. It is more accepted now than it has ever been. This rise in popularity has placed tattooists in the category of â€Å"fine artist† garnering a respect not seen for over 100 years. Current artist combine the tradition of tattooing with their personal style creating unique and phenomenal body art. The 21st century is experiencing what some are already calling a second â€Å"Tattoo Renaissance. † Throughout history tattoos have signified membership in a clan or secret society. Today groups such as Hells Angels tattoo their particular group symbol. Tattoos have largely become a form of self-expression and individuality for many people of all ages and cultures.